http://ctv2.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090306.wusjobs0306/business/Business/businessBN/ctv-business
Summary
The U.S. Labour Department released a report at the beginning of March showing that a total of 651,000 jobs were lost in February, alone, across the United States. The significant job loses cause the unemployment rate to rise to 8.1 per cent from 7.6 per cent, which is at the highest level since 1983. The report also showed figures of job loses in January and December, which reported over 600,000 jobs lost in each month. With three consecutive months posting over 600,000 jobs lost, the current pace of unemployment figures have never reached its levels since 1945, right after World War II. There are now 12.5 million Americans out of work, with 5 million of them losing their jobs in the past year. The steady growing unemployment rate is contributing to the shrinking GDP, which contracted 3.9 per cent last quarter. With the U.S. already in a midst of a recession, the report confirmed that the American economy and unemployment numbers continue to worsen.
Determination of National Income
GDP (gross domestic products) is used to determine the national income of a country based on the goods and services it has produced in a year and is thoroughly explained in chapter 6. An economy that has high unemployment numbers usually mean its GDP is contracting because less people are needed to produce less goods and services. When more people go out of work, households’ incomes are decreased because without a job there would be minimal income for the households. With lesser income, people will spend less because they can no longer afford the luxury items. Therefore the amount of money in the circular flow and the country's GDP will decrease, which affects the businesses as sales will go down and less people are willing to invest. People who do have jobs are also afraid that they will lose their jobs later on, so they tend to save more money in case they are unemployed in the future. When people are generally saving more, it also means they are spending less, which further reduces the amount of money flowing in the economy. As companies are struggling to maintain profits with decreasing revenues, they cut even more jobs. As a result, more people are unemployed, less money is being circulated, and the GDP continues to fall, partly due because the amount of savings are greater than the amount of investing, creating an endless pattern.
Reflection
In a time where thousands of people are losing their jobs each day, the U.S. government need to take action and promote spending in the economy. The government should lower their interest rate borrowed to the financial institutions, so they can pass the lower interest rates to businesses and private customers. If the interest rates are low, people and businesses will tend to spend because paying back for it later on will cost less than it did before. With more business investment, businesses will be looking to expand by upgrading or expanding their factories and buildings and buying newer machinery and technological equipment. The lower interest rates also create more household investments as more people will likely be buying houses and cars. The lower interest rates not only can promote more spending in the economy and keep money circulating in the economy, but it can also prevent companies from laying off workers because more business investment requires more workers to operate the business and with more money flowing in the economy the companies will not have to layoff workers to keep the company from making profits. The U.S. government should also give tax credits to the businesses and industries, like reducing the businesses’ income tax, to generate more exports, which means the country’s income would increase and so will the country’s GDP. Setting lower interest rates and giving tax breaks can get more businesses and most importantly the people to start spending again to get the country out of a recession.
Sunday, March 8, 2009
Saturday, February 21, 2009
Chapter Five Economics Blog
http://ctv2.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090216.wjapanmarkets0216/business/Business/businessBN/ctv-business
Summary
On February 16, the Japanese government announced Japan’s gross domestic product contracted by 3.3 per cent in the fourth quarter last year from the previous quarter. This stat shows Japan’s economy is shrinking at the fastest rate in nearly 35 years due to the declining global export demand. Japan’s economy, the second largest in the world, shows no signs of recovery as the government also projected that the current quarter will also post a contracting GDP value. The global economic problem has hit the Japanese export-dependent economy hard as Japan’s export fell a record 13.9 per cent in the last quarter. This triggered many companies like Sony Corp. and Toyota Motor Corp. to cut thousands of jobs. Families are also feeling the pinch and are spending less due to rising number of unemployment. In 2008 overall, the value of Japan’s GDP shrunk by 0.7 per cent, which is its first decline in nine years.
Economic Indicators
Being this is the third consecutive drop for the GDP value, Japan’s economy is officially in amidst of a recession as when a country posts at least two consecutive quarters posting negative growth, the economy is deemed to be in a recession. The declining levels of the GDP, measuring the market value of total goods and services produced in a given time period, is mainly due to the shrinking global demand of Japanese products, causing Japan’s production of goods to plunge. This means less workers are needed to produce those goods, therefore more people are unemployed and are looking for a job. When Japan is not producing as much the curve representing the production of goods and services falls inside its production-possibilities curve and the curve shifts to the left. As production is slowing down, the type of the unemployment that the Japanese faces is either called demand-deficit unemployment or occupational dimension of structural unemployment, which are situations where employers find it more difficult to sell their products, mainly luxury items, so they layoff their employees. High levels of unemployment usually means there will be less spending in the economy, causing a chain reaction in that due to less spending even more jobs will be lost.
Reflection
Since Japan has many companies that depend on global export, their economic crisis is unavoidable. The slumping economies in the world render less demand for Japanese products such as cars, electronics, and appliances. To deal with the economic slowdown in Japan, the government should hire the workers who have lost their jobs in the manufacturing industry to improve on infrastructure. To prevent rising unemployment levels, the government should hire the unemployed to work on highway constructions, buildings development, and bridge upgrades. This way, the unemployed would get a job and spend more in the economy. In turn, the public benefits because of the infrastructure improvements. With more spending in the economy, the security of people’s jobs will be better, as well. During this economic slowdown, Japan should also consider diversifying their industries and not just depend on the export manufacturing industry for economic growth. They might want to consider expanding the tourist industry for the local Japan citizens, aimed at promoting spending within their own country. Although the short term outlook of Japan’s economy may seem bleak, the government can create a healthy economic recovery by employing more people and diversify their industries.
Summary
On February 16, the Japanese government announced Japan’s gross domestic product contracted by 3.3 per cent in the fourth quarter last year from the previous quarter. This stat shows Japan’s economy is shrinking at the fastest rate in nearly 35 years due to the declining global export demand. Japan’s economy, the second largest in the world, shows no signs of recovery as the government also projected that the current quarter will also post a contracting GDP value. The global economic problem has hit the Japanese export-dependent economy hard as Japan’s export fell a record 13.9 per cent in the last quarter. This triggered many companies like Sony Corp. and Toyota Motor Corp. to cut thousands of jobs. Families are also feeling the pinch and are spending less due to rising number of unemployment. In 2008 overall, the value of Japan’s GDP shrunk by 0.7 per cent, which is its first decline in nine years.
Economic Indicators
Being this is the third consecutive drop for the GDP value, Japan’s economy is officially in amidst of a recession as when a country posts at least two consecutive quarters posting negative growth, the economy is deemed to be in a recession. The declining levels of the GDP, measuring the market value of total goods and services produced in a given time period, is mainly due to the shrinking global demand of Japanese products, causing Japan’s production of goods to plunge. This means less workers are needed to produce those goods, therefore more people are unemployed and are looking for a job. When Japan is not producing as much the curve representing the production of goods and services falls inside its production-possibilities curve and the curve shifts to the left. As production is slowing down, the type of the unemployment that the Japanese faces is either called demand-deficit unemployment or occupational dimension of structural unemployment, which are situations where employers find it more difficult to sell their products, mainly luxury items, so they layoff their employees. High levels of unemployment usually means there will be less spending in the economy, causing a chain reaction in that due to less spending even more jobs will be lost.
Reflection
Since Japan has many companies that depend on global export, their economic crisis is unavoidable. The slumping economies in the world render less demand for Japanese products such as cars, electronics, and appliances. To deal with the economic slowdown in Japan, the government should hire the workers who have lost their jobs in the manufacturing industry to improve on infrastructure. To prevent rising unemployment levels, the government should hire the unemployed to work on highway constructions, buildings development, and bridge upgrades. This way, the unemployed would get a job and spend more in the economy. In turn, the public benefits because of the infrastructure improvements. With more spending in the economy, the security of people’s jobs will be better, as well. During this economic slowdown, Japan should also consider diversifying their industries and not just depend on the export manufacturing industry for economic growth. They might want to consider expanding the tourist industry for the local Japan citizens, aimed at promoting spending within their own country. Although the short term outlook of Japan’s economy may seem bleak, the government can create a healthy economic recovery by employing more people and diversify their industries.
Friday, January 23, 2009
Chapter 4 Economics Blog
Link:http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090121.wPOLbudget0121/BNStory/politics/home
Summary
With almost a week before the Conservative government announces their federal budget, a Canadian parliamentary watchdog, Kevin Page, released projections that the federal government is at risk in wiping out almost all the debt the country has paid off since 1998. According to Page, Canada has paid down $105 billion in debt over the 11 year period and the ruling Conservative government could eliminate that debt reduction within the next five years in their next federal budget. The parliamentary budget officer also warns that his findings did not include the stimulus package that the government promised in the next budget, which can be a $20-30 billion stimulus plan. Page’s report projects the government will run a budget deficit of $14 million next fiscal year and if you include the huge stimulus package it could amount to around $40 billion just next year alone, wiping nearly all the debt reduction Canada has paid off since 1998.
Government Borrowing
Chapter 4 mainly discusses the different sources of government revenue. Currently in Canada, borrowing is considered to be one of the major sources of revenue for the government as an alternative to taxation. In the next fiscal budget, the Canadian government seems it will be running a huge deficit, meaning it will have to borrow money from either its citizens or other countries to pay for its expenditures. The government could ask the bank corporations and its citizens to buy government bonds as a form of borrowing. With Page’s findings projecting that the government could run deficits in the next five years, Canadians should also expect Canada’s net debt to increase. With the Canadian government facing enormous pressure from several of ailing industries, thousands of jobless people, and even the opposing political parties to spend money to stimulate the economy, Canadians need to realize is it really worth it in the long term. If we continue to keep borrowing money from foreign countries, especially at a time where our currency is falling, our debt will never be paid off, furthermore, there is no guarrantee if the stimulus package can really make a difference to our economy as our reliance on foreign trade is huge. For example if no one in the world is buying our wood to build houses, our logging industry would suffer regardless of the stimulus plan. Canadians ultimately need to think is it worth going billions of dollars into debt, wiping out nearly all of the debt reduction in the past decade.
Personal Reflection
I would oppose the next federal budget if the government decides to go into a $40 billion deficit in the next federal budget. Despite that many Canadian industries are suffering because of the economic downturn, the government should not wipe out nearly the entire debt reduction Canada has achieved in the past decade. If the government borrows the money to pay for the stimulus package, Canadians overall will be suffering in the long term. Debt charges such as interest payments already make up over 15 percent of the federal expenditures and are ranked the second largest component of government spending. If Canada borrows the money now, interest charges will need to be paid later on in the years to come, that means there will be less money being spent on the actual social services for Canadians; the expenditure of interest and debt charges will never go down. This is why during the economic downturn I feel we should minimize the stimulus plan and just focuses on a couple of suffering industries. I believe we should focus on the trade industry to improve our infrastructures and get more people working. We should also focus on the auto industry as one in seven jobs are somewhat related to the auto sector. Since our country in the past 11 years have been making progress in paying down the debts, I feel the efforts should not be wasted and we should still try to continue that trend and not eliminate nearly all the debt reduction we have achieved despite the unprecedented economic hardships.
Summary
With almost a week before the Conservative government announces their federal budget, a Canadian parliamentary watchdog, Kevin Page, released projections that the federal government is at risk in wiping out almost all the debt the country has paid off since 1998. According to Page, Canada has paid down $105 billion in debt over the 11 year period and the ruling Conservative government could eliminate that debt reduction within the next five years in their next federal budget. The parliamentary budget officer also warns that his findings did not include the stimulus package that the government promised in the next budget, which can be a $20-30 billion stimulus plan. Page’s report projects the government will run a budget deficit of $14 million next fiscal year and if you include the huge stimulus package it could amount to around $40 billion just next year alone, wiping nearly all the debt reduction Canada has paid off since 1998.
Government Borrowing
Chapter 4 mainly discusses the different sources of government revenue. Currently in Canada, borrowing is considered to be one of the major sources of revenue for the government as an alternative to taxation. In the next fiscal budget, the Canadian government seems it will be running a huge deficit, meaning it will have to borrow money from either its citizens or other countries to pay for its expenditures. The government could ask the bank corporations and its citizens to buy government bonds as a form of borrowing. With Page’s findings projecting that the government could run deficits in the next five years, Canadians should also expect Canada’s net debt to increase. With the Canadian government facing enormous pressure from several of ailing industries, thousands of jobless people, and even the opposing political parties to spend money to stimulate the economy, Canadians need to realize is it really worth it in the long term. If we continue to keep borrowing money from foreign countries, especially at a time where our currency is falling, our debt will never be paid off, furthermore, there is no guarrantee if the stimulus package can really make a difference to our economy as our reliance on foreign trade is huge. For example if no one in the world is buying our wood to build houses, our logging industry would suffer regardless of the stimulus plan. Canadians ultimately need to think is it worth going billions of dollars into debt, wiping out nearly all of the debt reduction in the past decade.
Personal Reflection
I would oppose the next federal budget if the government decides to go into a $40 billion deficit in the next federal budget. Despite that many Canadian industries are suffering because of the economic downturn, the government should not wipe out nearly the entire debt reduction Canada has achieved in the past decade. If the government borrows the money to pay for the stimulus package, Canadians overall will be suffering in the long term. Debt charges such as interest payments already make up over 15 percent of the federal expenditures and are ranked the second largest component of government spending. If Canada borrows the money now, interest charges will need to be paid later on in the years to come, that means there will be less money being spent on the actual social services for Canadians; the expenditure of interest and debt charges will never go down. This is why during the economic downturn I feel we should minimize the stimulus plan and just focuses on a couple of suffering industries. I believe we should focus on the trade industry to improve our infrastructures and get more people working. We should also focus on the auto industry as one in seven jobs are somewhat related to the auto sector. Since our country in the past 11 years have been making progress in paying down the debts, I feel the efforts should not be wasted and we should still try to continue that trend and not eliminate nearly all the debt reduction we have achieved despite the unprecedented economic hardships.
Sunday, November 23, 2008
Chapter Three Economics Blog
Link:http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20081112/Ottawa_mortgages_081112/20081112?hub=CTVNewsAt11
Summary
On November 12, the Canadian government bought out $50 billion in residential mortgages to encourage the banks to lend more money and lower interest rates. The federal government bought the mortgages from the banks, so that the banks would have money to lend it back out to people asking for a loan or mortgage to buy a house or start a business. With the Canadian economy on the brink of recession and the nation’s financial institutions hesitant to lend, the government hopes that the purchase will increase the sales of houses and properties, therefore increase consumer spending. Finance Minister Jim Flaherty states the mortgage buy out is not a bailout, but is just an asset swap, so the banks would have more liquidity to lend out.
The Role of Government in a Market Economy: Market Shortcomings
The government in this financial crisis intervene because of third party effects. If the government had not buy out the mortgages, the third party, which would be the potential home buyers and business owners, would be negatively affected. They would be negatively affected because they would not be able to get a loan or cannot afford one because of high interest rates. This means people would not be able to live in a home or start or expand their business. Therefore, in this case, the government sort of set up a price ceiling. Since the government feels that the interest rates are too high for consumers to afford, they try to lower the interest rates by giving the banks more money to cut interest rate. All in all, the government hopes to lower the price of interest rates to attempt to increase the demand of getting a mortgage and increase spending.
Reflection
Although the federal government is trying to stabilize the lending industry and encourage lower interest rates, the mortgage purchase is not helping the Canadians who want to buy a home or start a business. Banks are still reluctant to lend; they have practically not cut interest rates to assist their clients in borrowing money. The banks’ interest rates are still way higher than the prime rates that they were offering. Home buyers still believe the interest rates are too high and are not affordable. From my perspective, the mortgage buy out was simply unsuccessful. Hardly any money was passed down to the Canadians who wanted to borrow. The government should have known the banks would still be hesitant to lend in the current financial crisis and should set up programs that would directly lend money out to home buyers and businesses.
Summary
On November 12, the Canadian government bought out $50 billion in residential mortgages to encourage the banks to lend more money and lower interest rates. The federal government bought the mortgages from the banks, so that the banks would have money to lend it back out to people asking for a loan or mortgage to buy a house or start a business. With the Canadian economy on the brink of recession and the nation’s financial institutions hesitant to lend, the government hopes that the purchase will increase the sales of houses and properties, therefore increase consumer spending. Finance Minister Jim Flaherty states the mortgage buy out is not a bailout, but is just an asset swap, so the banks would have more liquidity to lend out.
The Role of Government in a Market Economy: Market Shortcomings
The government in this financial crisis intervene because of third party effects. If the government had not buy out the mortgages, the third party, which would be the potential home buyers and business owners, would be negatively affected. They would be negatively affected because they would not be able to get a loan or cannot afford one because of high interest rates. This means people would not be able to live in a home or start or expand their business. Therefore, in this case, the government sort of set up a price ceiling. Since the government feels that the interest rates are too high for consumers to afford, they try to lower the interest rates by giving the banks more money to cut interest rate. All in all, the government hopes to lower the price of interest rates to attempt to increase the demand of getting a mortgage and increase spending.
Reflection
Although the federal government is trying to stabilize the lending industry and encourage lower interest rates, the mortgage purchase is not helping the Canadians who want to buy a home or start a business. Banks are still reluctant to lend; they have practically not cut interest rates to assist their clients in borrowing money. The banks’ interest rates are still way higher than the prime rates that they were offering. Home buyers still believe the interest rates are too high and are not affordable. From my perspective, the mortgage buy out was simply unsuccessful. Hardly any money was passed down to the Canadians who wanted to borrow. The government should have known the banks would still be hesitant to lend in the current financial crisis and should set up programs that would directly lend money out to home buyers and businesses.
Saturday, October 25, 2008
Chapter Two Economics Blog
Link: http://www.cbc.ca/consumer/story/2008/10/14/cars.html
Summary
On Tuesday October 14th, Statistics Canada released new figures that the new car and truck sales in Canada are down for the third month in a row. The figures are based from the car and truck sales in August, which means since May, car sales have been lower from the previous month for the third time. The August sales were down 2.3 percent from July, with the passenger car sales taking the biggest hit sliding 4.2 per cent in the month. However, the sales of passenger cars built overseas increased by a mere 0.4 per cent. Since the start of the year, Canada new car and trucks sales have been continuing to fall due to the increasing fuel prices and the economic meltdown. The figures did not include September’s sales, which could be way worse with many more economic struggles in the country.
The Operation of a Market: The Concept of Supply and Demand
The declining demand of new cars and trucks in Canada can cause changes to the supply of the cars and trucks. When people have less desire to buy cars and trucks, the supply of them will remain high until the demand goes up again. This is an example of supply and demand. The factors that have affected the dwindling demand of cars and trucks could be because of the increased fuel costs, income uncertainty and the switching to other alternatives such as public transit. The increases in gas prices influence the demand of the car and truck sales because if gas is too expensive then people can’t afford a car, which needs gas to run. Therefore gas is a complementary product to cars. People’s incomes also affect the demand of cars in that when people have less money to spend, the demand of costly items like cars decline.
Reflection
I believe the slowing economy is the main factor of why the there is a declining demand of cars and trucks. With the economic outlook uncertain when people’s jobs are at risk and investment savings are deteriorating, people would rather save some money than to buy a new car or truck. Furthermore, people are continuing to look for more sustainable sources of transportation like taking public transit or riding a bike. The high fuel prices might also give second thoughts to people thinking of buying a truck or SUV where those vehicles consume a lot of gas. It seems that the demand of new cars and trucks will continue to go down in the upcoming months as the economy continues to worsen.
Summary
On Tuesday October 14th, Statistics Canada released new figures that the new car and truck sales in Canada are down for the third month in a row. The figures are based from the car and truck sales in August, which means since May, car sales have been lower from the previous month for the third time. The August sales were down 2.3 percent from July, with the passenger car sales taking the biggest hit sliding 4.2 per cent in the month. However, the sales of passenger cars built overseas increased by a mere 0.4 per cent. Since the start of the year, Canada new car and trucks sales have been continuing to fall due to the increasing fuel prices and the economic meltdown. The figures did not include September’s sales, which could be way worse with many more economic struggles in the country.
The Operation of a Market: The Concept of Supply and Demand
The declining demand of new cars and trucks in Canada can cause changes to the supply of the cars and trucks. When people have less desire to buy cars and trucks, the supply of them will remain high until the demand goes up again. This is an example of supply and demand. The factors that have affected the dwindling demand of cars and trucks could be because of the increased fuel costs, income uncertainty and the switching to other alternatives such as public transit. The increases in gas prices influence the demand of the car and truck sales because if gas is too expensive then people can’t afford a car, which needs gas to run. Therefore gas is a complementary product to cars. People’s incomes also affect the demand of cars in that when people have less money to spend, the demand of costly items like cars decline.
Reflection
I believe the slowing economy is the main factor of why the there is a declining demand of cars and trucks. With the economic outlook uncertain when people’s jobs are at risk and investment savings are deteriorating, people would rather save some money than to buy a new car or truck. Furthermore, people are continuing to look for more sustainable sources of transportation like taking public transit or riding a bike. The high fuel prices might also give second thoughts to people thinking of buying a truck or SUV where those vehicles consume a lot of gas. It seems that the demand of new cars and trucks will continue to go down in the upcoming months as the economy continues to worsen.
Monday, September 22, 2008
Chapter One Economics Blog
Link: http://www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12236443
Summary
As humans around the world are constantly burning fossil fuels every day, the European Parliament’s industry and energy committee has recently agreed to invest more money in renewable energies and biofuels. The committee have supported an amended draft that aims at raising the renewable energies usage to 20% of Europe’s total energy usage by 2020. The draft, which is to distance Europe from relying on fossil fuel, also states that the transportation sector in Europe must be using at least 10% of their energy from sources besides fossil fuel by the same target date. To enforce that the mandatory targets will be met, there will be fines to a country if it is not meeting the target, however a country could also receive financial benefits if it is doing better than the standards. The amended draft also tries to combat one of the greatest global problems we have today—climate change.
Introductory Concept: Scarcity
The reason why Europe has approved the draft to invest in renewable energies is because the amount of fossil fuel and oil in the world is limited. Therefore fossil fuels are a scarce resource and scarcity is one of the major topics in chapter one. Fossil fuels are classified as a land resource, so the leaders and governments in the world must make reasonable decisions regarding on its use and consumption. Chapter one states that when a resource is diminishing, we must find alternatives to replace the resource. This relates to the article in that the European leaders are trying to switch to alternative energy sources and away from the declining supply of fossil fuel. If we keep using fossil fuels the way we are today to drive our cars, one day it will run out because there is only a limited amount of it.
Personal Reflection
From my point of view, not only will the draft help save the supply of fuels in the world, but could also make humans switch to a cleaner alternative—one that would not pollute the world as much. This would be a benefit for us in the future as we would have cleaner air to breathe in. This crucial decision made by the European leaders could influence Canada and other countries to set targets to put more renewable energies into our societies. Furthermore, with the oil prices so high, switching to renewable energy sources could save us a lot of money in the long run. We all need to separate ourselves from relying too much on fossil fuels to help save the environment and tackle climate change.
Summary
As humans around the world are constantly burning fossil fuels every day, the European Parliament’s industry and energy committee has recently agreed to invest more money in renewable energies and biofuels. The committee have supported an amended draft that aims at raising the renewable energies usage to 20% of Europe’s total energy usage by 2020. The draft, which is to distance Europe from relying on fossil fuel, also states that the transportation sector in Europe must be using at least 10% of their energy from sources besides fossil fuel by the same target date. To enforce that the mandatory targets will be met, there will be fines to a country if it is not meeting the target, however a country could also receive financial benefits if it is doing better than the standards. The amended draft also tries to combat one of the greatest global problems we have today—climate change.
Introductory Concept: Scarcity
The reason why Europe has approved the draft to invest in renewable energies is because the amount of fossil fuel and oil in the world is limited. Therefore fossil fuels are a scarce resource and scarcity is one of the major topics in chapter one. Fossil fuels are classified as a land resource, so the leaders and governments in the world must make reasonable decisions regarding on its use and consumption. Chapter one states that when a resource is diminishing, we must find alternatives to replace the resource. This relates to the article in that the European leaders are trying to switch to alternative energy sources and away from the declining supply of fossil fuel. If we keep using fossil fuels the way we are today to drive our cars, one day it will run out because there is only a limited amount of it.
Personal Reflection
From my point of view, not only will the draft help save the supply of fuels in the world, but could also make humans switch to a cleaner alternative—one that would not pollute the world as much. This would be a benefit for us in the future as we would have cleaner air to breathe in. This crucial decision made by the European leaders could influence Canada and other countries to set targets to put more renewable energies into our societies. Furthermore, with the oil prices so high, switching to renewable energy sources could save us a lot of money in the long run. We all need to separate ourselves from relying too much on fossil fuels to help save the environment and tackle climate change.
Thursday, September 4, 2008
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